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How was stress measured? -

In MoneySuperMarket's study, data was collected from drivers on their heart rate (BPM) and heart rate variance (HRV). Combining these results with stress factors, researchers calculated an overall stress score out of 100.

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Stockholm -

Stockholm, in Sweden, is the least stressful city for drivers to commute, with an overall stress score of 12. 

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Berlin -

Despite being the capital and largest city of Germany, Berlin only scored a stress score of 15, making it one of the least stressful cities for drivers to commute.

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Toronto -

Toronto, the most populous city in Canada, only scored a stress score of 15, meaning driving to and from work is relatively stress-free.

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Montreal -

Montreal, the largest city in the province of Quebec, received a stress score of 22, making it the fourth-least stressful city to drive to work.

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Sydney -

With a stress score of 24, Sydney, Australia, is the fifth-least stressful city for commuting drivers.

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Leeds -

Leeds, a city in the UK, had an overall stress score of 26.

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Brussels -

Belgium's capital, Brussels, received a stress score of 26. 

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Manchester -

Manchester, a bustling city in the north of England, scored a stress score of 28. 

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Edinburgh -

Edinburgh, Scotland's capital city, received a stress score of 28, making it a fairly stress-free city for commuting drivers.

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Dublin -

Ireland's capital, Dublin, received a stress score of 29, placing it as the tenth least-stressful city for drivers to commute to and from work.

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Liverpool -

Liverpool, a city in England and the birthplace of The Beatles, scored a stress score of 31.

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Nice -

Despite boasting 300 days of sunshine a year, Nice, located on the French Riviera, received a stress score of 36, meaning drivers found it a little stressful commuting to and from work.

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Birmingham -

Birmingham, one of the largest cities in the UK, received a stress score of 38. 

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Barcelona -

Catalonia's capital and the second largest city in Spain, Barcelona, scored 39, making it a fairly stressful place for commuters who drive to work.

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Boston -

Boston, Massachusetts' capital and most populous city, received an overall stress score of 40 out of 100.

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Madrid -

Madrid is the capital and most populous city of Spain. According to the data collected by MoneySuperMarket, it scored 44 out of 100, making it the fifteenth most stressful city to commute by car.

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Frankfurt -

Frankfurt is Germany's fifth-most populous city. It scored 46 out of 100 in MoneySuperMarket's Stressful Commuter Cities study.

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Philadelphia -

Scoring 48 out of 100, Philadelphia is the thirteenth most stressful city to commute to by car.

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Milan -

Milan, Italy's second-most-populous city received a stress score of 49 out of 100.

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Miami -

Florida's capital city, Miami, scored 51 out of 100, making it the eleventh most stressful place to commute by car.

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Bristol -

Bristol, located in South West England, is the tenth most stressful city to drive to work. It scored 52 out of 100.

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Istanbul -

Turkey's former capital, Istanbul, received a stress score of 54, making it one of the most stressful cities for driving to work. 

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Glasgow -

Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland by population and according to MoneySuperMarket's study, the eighth most stressful place to commute by car. It scored 55 out of 100.

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Rome -

Rome, Italy's capital, scored 55 out of 100, making it the seventh most stressful city for commuting by car.

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New York -

New York City scored 64 out of 100, ranking as the sixth most stressful city for commuting by car. 

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Cardiff -

Cardiff, the capital of Wales, is the city with the highest stress-to-population ratio, placing fifth overall. It received a stress score of 67.

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San Francisco -

San Francisco is the fourth most stressful city to commute by car, with a stress score of 78. 

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Paris -

Paris, France, takes third place, with a stress score of 81. 

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Los Angeles -

Los Angeles is the second most stressful city to drive to work, with a stress score of 84. 

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London -

According to the study, London is the most stressful city in the world to commute to work by car, with an overall stress score of 92 out of 100.

Sources: (MoneySuperMarket)

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