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The Amber Room -

Designed by German sculptor Andreas Schlüter and crafted by amber artisans between 1701 and 1713 for the King of Prussia, the Amber Room was a chamber installed in the Catherine Palace near St. Petersburg in modern-day Russia.

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The Amber Room -

During World War II, Nazi forces dismantled and crated the Amber Room in 1941. It was shipped to Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) for display, but in the war’s final months the amber panels vanished amidst heavy bombing.

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The Amber Room -

Extensive searches (including in mines and bunkers) by Soviet and German authorities yielded no trace. In the 2000s, Russian craftsmen undertook a full reconstruction, using old photographs and fragments. A replica Amber Room was completed in 2003 and installed at the Catherine Palace.

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'Five Sunflowers in a Vase' -

Painted by Vincent van Gogh in 1888, ‘Five Sunflowers in a Vase’ was a vibrant painting created as part of Van Gogh’s famous series. The artwork featured five sunflowers arranged in a simple vase, painted with thick, expressive brushstrokes.

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'Five Sunflowers in a Vase' -

Van Gogh’s painting was housed in a private collection in Japan when World War II erupted. In 1945, the artwork was in Ashiya, near Osaka, owned by industrialist Koyata Yamamoto (pictured, left). During American air raids on the city, the building where it was kept was bombed and burned down, taking the painting with it.

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'Five Sunflowers in a Vase' -

No trace of the painting remains and no color photographs exist, only a black-and-white image taken before the war. Scholars and artists have used Van Gogh’s other sunflower paintings to approximate its appearance.

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'The Painter on the Road to Tarascon' -

Another of Van Gogh’s artworks, ‘The Painter on the Road to Tarascon’ was an 1888 self-portrait in which Van Gogh depicted himself walking with painting gear on the road in Arles, France.

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'The Painter on the Road to Tarascon' -

The painting was acquired by the Kaiser Friedrich-Museum in Magdeburg, Germany. During World War II, it was evacuated for safekeeping, but is believed to have been destroyed in a fire in 1945 when Allied bombings struck the art storage site.

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'The Painter on the Road to Tarascon' -

No physical trace of the canvas has ever been found. However, the image survives through black-and-white photographs and print reproductions made before the war. Post-war, the painting was listed on the Monuments Men and Women Foundation’s “Most Wanted Art” list as missing, with the hope that it might have been looted rather than burned.

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The Buddhas of Bamiyan -

Created by unknown Gandhara sculptors in the 6th century (circa 570-618 CE), the Buddhas of Bamiyan were two colossal statues of Buddha that measured 180 feet and 125 feet (55 meters and 38 meters) tall. They were carved into a cliff in the Bamiyan Valley of Afghanistan.

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The Buddhas of Bamiyan -

In March 2001, Afghanistan’s Taliban regime dynamited both statues as an act against “idol worship.” The Taliban ordered all statues destroyed “so that no one can worship or respect them in the future.” Despite worldwide pleas, the Buddhas were reduced to rubble.

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The Buddhas of Bamiyan -

The niches remain empty as a stark memorial to the statues. UNESCO and Afghan authorities have stabilized the cliff and debated reconstruction. Conservation teams have also preserved fragments, and there is a plan for partial reassembly of one statue using original pieces.

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'Portrait of a Young Man' -

During the High Renaissance period of the early 16th century, the famous artist Raphael created a painting titled ‘Portrait of a Young Man.’ The artwork is believed to be Raphael’s self-portrait, painted in Rome around 1513–1514.

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'Portrait of a Young Man' -

Raphael’s painting was part of Poland’s Czartoryski Collection before it was lost. In 1939, Nazi occupiers seized it for Hitler’s planned Führermuseum. It remained in Nazi hands through the war, but as the Third Reich collapsed in 1945, the portrait vanished.

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'Portrait of a Young Man' -

The search for Raphael’s masterpiece has spanned decades. No color photograph was taken before its disappearance (only black-and-white images exist). Over the years, rumors have surfaced (from claims that it survived in a Swiss bank vault, to unconfirmed sightings), but none have been proven.

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Faculty Paintings -

Between 1899 and 1907, Gustav Klimt created a trio of monumental paintings (ceiling panels) for the University of Vienna’s great hall. The paintings (titled ‘Philosophy,’ ‘Medicine,’ and ‘Jurisprudence’) were bold, allegorical works in Klimt’s signature Symbolist style.

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Faculty Paintings -

During WWII, these canvases were seized by Nazi authorities. In 1945, as the war ended, they were stored at Schloss Immendorf in Austria. Retreating SS troops set the castle on fire, apparently to prevent prized art from falling into Allied hands. All three Faculty Paintings were burned in the flames and are assumed destroyed.

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Faculty Paintings -

With no originals left, efforts turned to documentation and digital revival. Scholars preserved preparatory sketches and black-and-white photos of the paintings, and in 2021 a team from Google Arts & Culture and the Belvedere Museum used artificial intelligence to reconstruct the paintings’ colors from written descriptions and Klimt’s other works.

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'The Stone Breakers' -

In the mid-19th century, French painter Gustave Courbet created an oil painting titled ‘The Stone Breakers,’ which portrayed two laborers breaking rocks. The art piece was considered a pioneering Realist depiction of peasant life.

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'The Stone Breakers' -

‘The Stone Breakers’ was housed in Germany’s Dresden Gallery. In February 1945, during World War II, Allied bombing raids on Dresden led to the painting’s obliteration. It had been loaded onto a transport truck headed to Königstein Fortress for protection, but the truck was hit and the canvas was destroyed in the blast, along with over 150 other artworks.

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'The Stone Breakers' -

The original canvas was completely lost, leaving only a few contemporary photographs. Fortunately, Courbet had painted a second, smaller version of ‘The Stone Breakers’ (a mirror-image variant) around 1850. That second version survived the war and today resides in the Oskar Reinhart Collection in Switzerland.

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'Nativity with St. Francis and St. Lawrence' -

In 1609, renowned Italian artist Caravaggio created an altarpiece depicting the nativity of Christ with saints. The painting is considered one of Caravaggio’s late masterpieces. Interestingly, the piece was painted during Caravaggio’s exile in Sicily.

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'Nativity with St. Francis and St. Lawrence' -

On the night of October 17, 1969, thieves broke into the Oratory of San Lorenzo in Palermo, Italy, and cut the painting from its frame. Italian authorities suspect the Sicilian Mafia was behind the theft; the canvas is believed to have passed through mob hands for years, and it has remained missing for over five decades.

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'Nativity with St. Francis and St. Lawrence' -

The theft is listed among the FBI’s Top Ten Art Crimes, and Italian police and Interpol have continually pursued leads. To restore the oratory’s integrity, a high-resolution replica was commissioned, and in 2015 art specialists created a meticulous digital facsimile of the painting and installed it in the empty spot above the altar.

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'The Storm on the Sea of Galilee' -

Painted in 1633 by Rembrandt, ‘Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee’ was a dramatic canvas that showed Jesus calming a tempest. It was notably Rembrandt’s only seascape, and is among the largest and earliest works made by the famous Dutch painter.

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'The Storm on the Sea of Galilee' -

Rembrandt’s painting was stolen in the 1990 Gardner Museum heist in Boston. Thieves (their sketches pictured) brutally sliced the large canvas out of its frame and escaped with it, along with other artworks like Johannes Vermeer’s ‘The Concert’ (1664). The artwork has been missing ever since.

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'The Storm on the Sea of Galilee' -

The FBI and Interpol have pursued leads worldwide to locate the painting. Numerous rumors (that the Rembrandt was destroyed, or hidden in an attic, or buried in a grave) have surfaced, but none verified. The museum keeps an empty frame on display, and the FBI continues to solicit tips on the artwork.

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'The Just Judges' -

Between 1430 and 1432, ‘The Just Judges’ was painted by Flemish artist Jan van Eyck or his brother Hubert Van Eyck. The painting was the lower left panel of of the famed ‘Ghent Altarpiece’ (1432), a polyptych (a piece of work divided into pieces) housed in Belgium’s St. Bavo’s Cathedral.

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'The Just Judges' -

In April 1934, ‘The Just Judges’ panel was stolen from the cathedral in a daring overnight heist, and the thieves left behind a note referencing the Treaty of Versailles (possibly as a decoy). Ransom letters soon followed and demanded a huge sum. But despite negotiations, the panel was never returned.

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'The Just Judges' -

Over the years, Belgian investigators and even amateur sleuths have searched crypts, canals, and caves for the panel. All efforts have failed to locate it. To complete the ‘Ghent Altarpiece,’ art restorer Jef Van der Veken painted a replacement copy of ‘The Just Judges’ in 1945.

Sources: (TheCollector) (Smithsonian Magazine) (Britannica)

See also: Influential art movements of the 20th century

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