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What is the thyroid? -

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in the neck, located just below the Adam's apple area. It plays a critical role in regulating the body's metabolism through the release of thyroid hormones.

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Hormones it produces -

The thyroid produces hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones influence nearly every cell in the body and are vital for energy production, growth, and development.

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Metabolism regulation -

Thyroid hormones control the body's metabolic rate, meaning how fast you burn calories and produce energy. An imbalance can lead to weight gain or loss, fatigue, and changes in temperature sensitivity.

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Thyroid and heart function -

Thyroid hormones affect heart rate and blood pressure. An overactive thyroid may cause a rapid heartbeat, while an underactive thyroid may slow it down and reduce cardiac output.

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Thyroid and brain health -

Thyroid hormones are essential for brain development and function. Low levels, especially in infants, can lead to developmental delays, while imbalances in adults can affect mood and cognition.

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Who is more at risk? -

Women, especially those over age 60, are more at risk for thyroid disorders. Other risk factors include family history, autoimmune diseases, pregnancy, and prior thyroid surgery or radiation exposure.

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Hypothyroidism -

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid produces too little hormone. Common causes include autoimmune disease (like Hashimoto's), iodine deficiency, or certain medications.

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Hyperthyroidism -

Hyperthyroidism happens when the thyroid makes too much hormone. It can be caused by Graves' disease, thyroid nodules, or excessive iodine intake.

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Graves' disease -

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that triggers the overproduction of thyroid hormones. It's a leading cause of hyperthyroidism and may also cause eye problems known as Graves' ophthalmopathy.

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis -

An autoimmune condition where the body attacks its own thyroid, Hashimoto’s leads to hypothyroidism. It's the most common cause of low thyroid function in developed countries.

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Goiter defined -

A goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland. It can result from iodine deficiency, hormonal imbalance, or nodules. Not all goiters affect thyroid function.

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Thyroid nodules -

Nodules are lumps or growths in the thyroid. Most are benign, but some can be cancerous or cause hormone overproduction, requiring monitoring or biopsy.

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Thyroid cancer -

Thyroid cancer is often highly treatable, especially in its early stages. It includes several types such as papillary, follicular, medullary, and the more aggressive anaplastic. Common signs include neck lumps, voice changes, and trouble swallowing.

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Fatigue and hypothyroidism -

Chronic tiredness and sluggishness are hallmark symptoms of hypothyroidism. The body’s systems slow down, affecting energy, mood, and focus.

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Weight fluctuations -

Hypothyroidism often leads to weight gain, while hyperthyroidism can cause unexpected weight loss. Both are due to changes in metabolic rate and hormone activity.

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Hair and skin changes -

Thyroid issues often affect hair and skin health. Hypothyroidism may cause dry skin and thinning hair, while hyperthyroidism can lead to fine, brittle hair and sweaty skin.

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Mood and memory effects -

Thyroid imbalances can cause depression, anxiety, and memory issues. These mood symptoms often mimic psychiatric disorders and may improve with thyroid hormone regulation.

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Menstrual and fertility problems -

Women with thyroid disorders often experience irregular periods, fertility challenges, or even early menopause. Thyroid health is vital for reproductive hormone balance.

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Neck swelling and pain -

Visible swelling in the neck or discomfort while swallowing can indicate a thyroid issue, especially goiter or nodules. Persistent pain may need medical evaluation.

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Common tests -

Thyroid conditions are diagnosed using TSH, T3, T4, and thyroid antibody tests. Ultrasound and radioactive iodine scans help assess structure and function.

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Levothyroxine for hypothyroidism -

Levothyroxine is the standard treatment for hypothyroidism. It's a synthetic T4 hormone taken daily to restore normal hormone levels and alleviate symptoms.

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Treatments for hyperthyroidism -

Options include antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery. Beta-blockers may also be used to manage symptoms like rapid heart rate and tremors.

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Thyroid surgery -

Thyroidectomy may be required for large goiters, cancer, or unmanageable hyperthyroidism. Partial or full removal depends on the underlying condition.

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Radioactive iodine therapy -

A common treatment for overactive thyroid, this therapy destroys thyroid cells using radioactive iodine. It often results in hypothyroidism, which is then managed with hormone replacement.

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Thyroid and pregnancy -

Thyroid hormones are essential during pregnancy for fetal brain development. Untreated thyroid issues can lead to miscarriage, preterm birth, or developmental problems.

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Iodine's role -

Iodine is crucial for thyroid hormone production. Deficiency can cause goiter and hypothyroidism. It's commonly added to table salt to prevent public health issues.

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Diet and thyroid health -

A balanced diet with adequate iodine, selenium, zinc, and vitamin D supports thyroid health. Cruciferous vegetables are fine in moderation unless advised otherwise.

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Preventing thyroid disorders -

Prevention includes ensuring adequate iodine intake, avoiding unnecessary radiation exposure to the neck, managing stress, and getting regular thyroid checks if at risk.

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Living with thyroid disease -

With proper management, most people with thyroid disease can live normal, healthy lives. Treatment usually requires lifelong medication and routine monitoring of hormone levels.

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When to see a doctor -

Consult a doctor if you notice persistent fatigue, weight changes, neck swelling, mood shifts, or menstrual irregularities. These can be early signs of thyroid dysfunction.

Sources: (Cleveland Clinic) (Johns Hopkins Medicine) (Healthline)

See also: Celebrities with thyroid issues

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