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The human brain -

For decades, humanity has attempted to map the human brain in order to understand its complexities, but this has proven incredibly difficult. Many people think brain development stops in childhood, but that’s not true. Your brain continues to adapt, rewire, and form new connections throughout life.

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Energy -

Though it makes up only about 2% of your body weight, your brain consumes over 20% of your energy. It’s constantly working (even while you sleep) to manage emotions, memory, coordination, and thought. That’s why proper nutrition and rest are so important.

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Brain shrinkage -

As we get older, our brains gradually shrink in size, especially in areas that handle memory and decision-making. This doesn’t always lead to disease, but it can slow thinking speed and affect how easily we learn or recall information. But how do genetics impact all of this?

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AI measurements -

Recently, scientists used artificial intelligence to analyze brain scans and measure how quickly brains age. They created a "brain age" number, which shows whether a person’s brain appeared older or younger than their actual age, based on subtle structural changes.

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Faster aging -

People whose brains aged quicker often had lower intelligence scores. Genes causing faster aging also seemed to reduce thinking skills and memory. This suggests that keeping brains younger may help maintain sharper minds longer in life.

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Genes of aging -

Using technological advancements, scientists have now been able to pinpoint 64 prominent genes that impact aging in the brain. This could potentially revolutionize medicine and the ways in which people approach their health.

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Multiple genetic pathways -

The 64 genes affect brain aging in many ways, including immune responses, blood flow, cell death, and brain structure. Rather than one single cause, brain aging involves multiple genetic processes working together.

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Immune system -

Many genes linked to brain aging involve immune responses. Overactive immune genes can cause long-term inflammation that slowly damages brain cells. Controlling this inflammation could help slow aging and keep the brain healthier for a longer time.

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Blood vessels -

Some genes influence how healthy the blood vessels in the brain are. Strong blood vessels and good blood flow help keep brains younger. Poor vascular health, influenced by genes, can accelerate brain aging and cognitive decline.

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Cell death -

Genes that trigger cellular death (known as apoptosis) may speed up brain aging. Overactivity in these genes causes neurons to die faster, shrinking the brain. Reducing unnecessary cell death could potentially slow down the aging of brain tissue.

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Brain’s structural support -

Certain genes also maintain the brain's structural support, and when these genes fail, brain cells lose their supportive framework. Strengthening this "scaffold" could help slow aging-related changes, preserving brain function for longer.

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Common brain disorders -

Surprisingly, genes linked to diseases like Alzheimer’s don't strongly affect normal brain aging. The genetics behind general brain aging and specific diseases differ somewhat, which suggests aging itself involves distinct processes separate from known brain illnesses.

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Some genes slow aging -

Interestingly, certain genes help keep the brain young, while others accelerate aging. Understanding these opposing roles allows scientists to develop therapies that boost beneficial genes while reducing the harmful effects of aging-promoting genes.

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Seven key genes -

Seven genes stand out as most strongly affecting brain aging. These genes significantly impact how quickly or slowly our brains age, making them critical targets for research. Let’s take a look at them!

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MAPT gene -

The MAPT gene, linked to dementia, also causes brains to age faster. High MAPT activity contributes to cell damage and memory problems. Targeting MAPT could protect against age-related decline and diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's.

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TNFSF12 gene -

The TNFSF12 gene was found to help brains age more slowly. It supports healthy blood vessels and controls inflammation, helping maintain younger-looking brain structures. Increasing TNFSF12 activity might help preserve brain health over time.

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GNLY gene -

The GNLY gene, which controls an immune protein called granulysin, makes brains age faster through increased inflammation. High GNLY activity damages healthy brain cells.

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Granzyme B gene -

Surprisingly, granzyme B (GZMB), another immune system gene, helps keep brains younger by clearing out damaged or aging cells. Enhancing granzyme B activity might help rejuvenate the brain and prevent harmful buildup associated with aging.

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SIRPB1 gene -

SIRPB1 helps keep brains younger and is linked to long lifespans in centenarians. It regulates the immune response, preventing excessive inflammation. Boosting SIRPB1 might replicate the naturally slower brain aging seen in very old, healthy individuals.

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NMB gene -

The NMB gene affects brain aging through appetite control and obesity risk. Increased NMB activity promotes weight gain and faster aging. Managing this gene could help prevent obesity-related brain decline by improving metabolic health.

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C1RL gene -

The immune gene C1RL accelerates brain aging by increasing inflammation and damaging brain cells. Controlling the complement immune system’s activity, influenced by C1RL, could reduce age-related brain damage and protect against cognitive decline.

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Heart health -

Many genes linked to brain aging also impact heart health, blood pressure, and metabolism. Genes harmful to your brain often damage cardiovascular health. Conversely, improving heart health through these genes may also keep brains younger.

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Lifestyle risks -

Genes that affect obesity, cholesterol, and smoking habits also influence brain aging. People who are genetically prone to unhealthy behaviors might experience accelerated brain aging.

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Stress and sleep -

Alongside these genes, chronic stress and poor sleep can damage brain function over time. Stress hormones can shrink key brain regions, while lack of sleep affects memory and focus. Your daily habits have a big impact on whether your brain stays sharp or struggles.

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Movement and exercise -

Physical activity boosts blood flow to the brain and encourages the growth of new neurons. It’s not only good for your body, but it also helps improve mood, memory, and mental clarity. Even light daily movement can support long-term brain health.

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Multiple health conditions -

The 64 brain-aging genes identified by scientists have an influence on various health issues like diabetes, stroke, and obesity. The same genes that age brains faster often contribute to chronic diseases.

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Potential drugs -

Scientists identified 13 existing drugs that target these aging genes, including rapamycin and resveratrol. Although more research is required, these medications may offer hope for treatments to preserve cognitive health for longer.

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Future therapies -

Discovering these genes means that new therapies might develop in the future to keep brains younger for longer. Rather than waiting for diseases, future treatments could target aging processes directly, preserving cognitive abilities and delaying age-related decline in healthy adults.

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Personalized treatments -

In the future, genetic testing might identify personal brain-aging risks. Doctors could then customize prevention plans, medications, and lifestyle recommendations based on each person's genetic makeup, making brain health care more targeted and effective.

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A milestone -

This research significantly advances our knowledge of how genetics affect brain aging. By clearly identifying the specific genes involved with our minds, scientists could potentially change the course of humanity’s biology and maintain healthier brains throughout life.

Sources: (Nature) (Bioethics) (National Institutes of Health) (National Library of Medicine)

See also: How your brain changes when you outsource it to AI

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