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29th ruler - Hassanal Bolkiah, full name Hassanal Bolkiah Muizzadin Waddaulah, is the 29th Sultan of Brunei.

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Sultan at 21 - Born July 15, 1946 in Bandar Seri Begawan, the sultanate's capital, he succeeded his father to the throne in 1967, at 21 years old.

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Prime minister - In 1984, after independence from Great Britain (and despite already being the country's absolute ruler), he also took the position as his country's prime minister.

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Long reign - He is currently the longest-ruling monarch in the world, following the death of Queen Elizabeth II.

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All-around ruler - Besides being prime minister, he's also the country's secretary of defense, treasurer, supreme commander of the armed forces, honorary general of the British and Indonesian armed forces, and honorary admiral of the royal navy. He also named himself the inspector general of Brunei's royal police force.

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Knighted - He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II, Brunei having been a British protectorate until 1984.

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Polygamy - The Sultan is a polygamist and has been married (and divorced) several times. However, he's still married to Anak Hajah Saleha (center). They were married in 1967 and have six children together.

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Second wife - From 1982 to 2003 he was married to Mariam Abdul Aziz (pictured) as well. They have four children together.

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Third wife - In 2005 he married Malaysian journalist Azrinaz Mazhar Hakim, whom he divorced only five years later. They have two children together. She has since remarried.

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Children - All of the Sultan's children have royal titles. Pictured left is Prince Abdul Mateen, from his third marriage. Sitting next to him is Prince Abdul Malik, one of his sons from his first marriage.

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Fertile ground - Brunei is an Islamic country situated in Southeast Asia. It's rich in petrol and gas, its economy therefore heavily reliant on oil.

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Exports -

Brunei is currently the world's 28th largest exporter of liquefied natural gas, 55% of which is exported to Japan, their most important trading partner.

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No wood trading - Unlike its neighbors Malaysia and Indonesia, the Sultan has always been loath to get into the wood trading business. Three-quarters of the sultanate is covered in forest.

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Sharia law - In the '90s, the Sultan committed to implementing some elements of Sharia law into the country's Penal Code, but then it kind of disappeared from the agenda. Until 2013.

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Calls for boycotts - The Sultan's decision unleashed a wave of calls to boycott his luxury hotels all around the world.

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Calls for boycotts - Many celebrities, including Anna Wintour, Richard Branson, and Ellen DeGeneres, were up in arms about the decision.

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Corporal punishment - However, it was in 2019 that he integrated rules on corporal punishment from Sharia law into the Bruneian penal code for all of the country's Muslims, thereby allowing death by stoning for gay sex and adultery, not to mention hand amputation after stealing.

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For Muslims -

Brunei is a majority Muslim country. 8.7% of the population is Christian and 7.8% is Buddhist. Christmas celebrations are allowed as long as they take place in the private space.

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Economic strategy? - Whether the implementation of Sharia law into the Penal Code is a way to attract more investment from the Muslim countries on the Arab Peninsula or if it stems from some personal religious conviction is the source of much speculation.

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Tradition and modernity - However, in spite of these seemingly archaic throwbacks, some of his policies have been surprisingly modern and progressive.

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Standard of living - In Brunei, hospitals and schools are free, taxes are virtually non-existent, and rented housing is subsidized. However, 20% of the Bruneian population still lives under the poverty line. Since his accession to the throne, the Sultan has made it a point to support education by founding the country's first university, the University of Brunei Darussalam, in 1985.

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Huge fortune - The Sultan of Brunei is one of the richest monarchs in the world.

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Second richest -

Hassanal Bolkiah is actually the second-wealthiest monarch in the world, with an estimated fortune of US$30 billion.

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Estate - He also has a huge and luxurious estate.

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Istana Nurul Iman -

He resides in the largest palace in the world (200,000 sq m or 215278 sq ft), the Istana Nurul Iman, estimated to be worth over US$1.4 billion.

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Spacious - The palace was designed by architect Philippin Leandro V. Locsin, and was completed in 1984. It holds 1,788 rooms, as well as a banquet hall big enough for 5,000 guests.

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Restricted access - The palace is open to the public only three days a year, during the holy month of Ramadan.

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Luxury hotels - He also owns many luxury hotels across the world. Additionally, he's also the owner of several luxury hotels in the Dorchester Collection, among them the famous Beverly Hills and Bel-Air Hotels.

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Boycotts are expensive - The celebrity endorsed boycott of the Bel-Air hotel cost him more than a million dollars.

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Car collection -

He has a huge collection of about 7,000 cars.

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Car collection - He has over 530 Mercedes-Benzes, 365 Ferraris, 360 Bentleys, 185 BMWs, 175 Jaguars, 160 Porsches, 130 Rolls-Royces, 20 Lamborghinis, 75 Aston Martins, four Bugattis, a whole slew of motorbikes and a Fiat 500 because... less is more?

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Private jets of gold - Well, not quite. He also owns several private jets, among which a Boeing 747 decorated in Lalique crystals and solid gold.

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Stables -

The Sultan is an animal lover as well. He owns 200 horses, each one of them with its own air-conditioned stable.

See also: Uncovering the dark history of the British royal family

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