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Child labor in the US -

The work ethic of the 13 colonies and their founders valued hard work, and this applied to children as well.

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Child labor was an essential -

Through the first half of the 1800s in the US, child labor was an essential part of the agricultural and handicraft economy. Children worked on family farms and as servants for others.

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They started young -

To learn about the job, boys often began their apprenticeships between the ages of 10 and 14.

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Industrial Revolution -

The Industrial Revolution saw the rise of factories and mines, and they needed workers. Children were the perfect employees because they could be paid less.

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The benefits of child workers -

Children were also favored over adults because they were often small and could attend to tasks in tight spaces. They were also less likely to organize and strike against their horrible working conditions.

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Immigration and child labor -

Immigration to the US peaked during the Industrial Revolution, which led to a new source of child labor. This was especially the case during the Potato Famine, when Irish immigrants moved to fill lower-level factory jobs.

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New workforce -

In the 1880s, many Southern and Eastern Europeans arrived, which provided a new pool of child workers. This continues today, with immigrant children working in agriculture, which is exempt from certain labor laws.

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A sad number -

In 1900, 18% of all American workers were under the age of 16.

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Reforms -

In the mid-19th century, US educational reformers attempted to convince the public that a primary school education was necessary for the country to advance.

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Loopholes in the system -

Several states established a minimum wage and requirements for school attendance. However, most of these laws were full of loopholes that were easily exploited by employers.

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A new era -

Beginning in 1900, efforts to eliminate child labor became central to social reform in the US. The National Child Labor Committee was organized in 1904.

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Resistance towards new laws -

From 1902 to 1915, child labor committees emphasized reform through state legislatures. Many of these laws were passed, but several Southern states resisted, leading to the decision to work towards a federal child labor law.

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Unconstitutional -

While Congress passed such laws in 1916 and 1918, the Supreme Court declared them unconstitutional.

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Moving towards change -

The supporters of child labor laws sought a constitutional amendment authorizing federal child labor legislation, which passed in 1924.

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Decrease in child labor -

Thanks to changing laws, children in the workforce started to decrease. Education underwent reforms, too, and the number of years of schooling required to hold certain jobs increased. The school year was also lengthened, and truancy laws became stricter.

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Child labor today -

While child labor has significantly decreased in the US, it's still present in certain areas of the economy like agriculture, where migrant workers are more difficult to regulate. Looking at other parts of the world, child labor is still a global issue.

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The current numbers -

About 160 million children around the world, ages five to 17, are engaged in child labor. This takes away their childhood and education, while harming their mental and physical health.

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A closer look -

At the beginning of 2020, 63 million girls and 97 million boys were involved in child labor. That's about one in 10 kids worldwide.

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Agriculture is the biggest area -

About 70% of these children, or 112 million, work in agriculture. It's mostly in farming and livestock herding.

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The gender gap in child labor -

Child labor is more common among boys than girls. However, when household chores performed for at least 21 hours per week are taken into account, the gender gap in child labor narrows.

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The consequences -

Not only are children workers at risk of physical and mental harm, their education is also compromised. This in turn restricts their rights, and limits future opportunities, which leads to intergenerational poverty.

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The most affected regions -

It's estimated that 86.6 million children are engaged in child labor in sub-Saharan Africa, followed by central and southern Asia with 26.3 million.

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Why children work -

Child labor most often occurs when families face financial challenges. It can be due to poverty, sudden illness of a caregiver, or the job loss of a primary provider.

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How to end child labor -

To reverse the trend of child labor, the International Labour Organization and UNICEF have expressed important factors that governments need to implement.

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Adequate social protection -

There needs to be adequate social protection for all, including universal child benefits.

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Investment in education -

Governments need to increase spending on quality education, and get all children into school.

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A decent job market -

Adults should be provided with decent work, so families don’t have to resort to children to generate family income.

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End gender norms and discrimination -

There needs to be an end to harmful gender norms and discrimination that influence child labor.

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General investments -

Governments need to also invest in child protection systems, agricultural development, rural public services, as well as infrastructure and livelihoods.

See also: The unsteady truth about global poverty

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