© Shutterstock

Tiny pieces of plastic -

A newly released study has found that bottled water contains hundreds of thousands of "nanoplastics." These tiny fragments are just 100 nanometers (or less) in size.

© Shutterstock

Nanoplastics -

Nanoplastics are ubiquitous in urban waters. They have distinct characteristics when compared to microplastics, and because of their size it's even more difficult to analyze them.

© Shutterstock

Bottled water -

An average liter plastic bottle of water contains almost a quarter of a million nanoplastic fragments, according to researchers at Columbia and Rutgers in the US.

© Shutterstock

Research -

The researchers found that much of the consumption was coming from the water bottle itself, and it's unknown whether this poses a serious public health risk.

© Shutterstock

WHO findings -

In 2019, the World Health Organization concluded there was not enough evidence to prove that consumption or inhalation of microplastics posed a risk.

© Shutterstock

WHO findings -

They warned, however, that particles measuring less than 10 micrometers are more than likely to be taken up biologically, and called for a reduction in plastic pollution.

© Shutterstock

Microplastics in food -

But our exposure to microplastics isn't limited to just the water we drink. They're also spread on farming land, to eventually end up in the food we eat.

© Shutterstock

Microplastics in farmland -

In an analysis from 2022, it was found that the sewerage sludge used to fertilize crops has contaminated almost 20 million acres of US farmland.

© Shutterstock

Sewerage -

The "forever chemicals," aka PFA's (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), and microplastics found in the sludge have also been proven to contaminate European farmlands each year.

© Shutterstock

Plastic in every bite -

Whether we realize it or not, each bite we take could contain microplastics. Plastics seem to accumulate most in the roots of vegetables, so carrots, radishes, and turnips may contain higher amounts than, say, leafy green vegetables.

© Shutterstock

Microplastics in the lungs -

In 2022, scientists discovered microparticles inside human lungs and blood for the first time. The discovery highlighted the urgency of the need to find alternatives to plastic.

© Shutterstock

Human organs -

In previous years, microplastics have been found in human organs including the spleen, kidney, and liver.

© Shutterstock

Consumer products -

The source of the microplastics found in the human body varies, but consumer products including plastic bottles, textile fibers (especially in polyester), and food packaging found in the ocean, air, seafood, and even salt are the most likely sources.

© Shutterstock

Consumption -

On average, it's believed Americans consume around 126 particles of microplastics and inhale 132 particles of microplastics every day. While most of these will pass through the bowel and leave the body, others remain in small amounts and accumulate.

© Shutterstock

Degrading of microplastics -

Microplastics are made of toxic, harmful compounds like plasticizers, stabilizers, fillers, and lubricants that don't degrade for decades.

© Shutterstock

Degrading of microplastics -

Extensive research is underway to determine what the long-term effects of these microplastics in the body will be, given their slow degrading nature.

© Shutterstock

BPA -

A common chemical used in plastic, BPA is a known endocrine (hormone system) disruptor, and many companies now produce BPA-free plastic. But it's not the only one.

© Shutterstock

Carcinogenic -

Many other chemicals present in plastics are endocrine disruptors, too, and carcinogenic. Chronic illnesses like heart disease and diabetes are linked to the release of these chemicals.

© Shutterstock

Highly processed foods -

Microplastics break off from bigger pieces of plastic, ending up in food via the production and storage process. The more highly processed the food, the greater the amount of microplastics in them.

© Shutterstock

PET plastics -

Water bottles containing PET (polyethylene terephthalate) plastics have become common, however, plastic particles are leached into the drink contained in them, which can end up in your blood.

© Shutterstock

Unavoidable? -

While there are steps we can take as individuals to reduce our microplastic consumption, the population of microplastics makes consuming them unavoidable in one form or another.

© Shutterstock

Manufacturing companies -

Millions of tons of microplastics are produced by manufacturing companies, only to end up in bodies of water that circulate around the world.

© Shutterstock

Plastic pollution -

Larger plastics found in bodies of water are degraded by the sun into small plastics that can end up in the drinking water supply.

© Shutterstock

The truth about recycling -

The majority of plastic that's sent for recycling isn't recycled. Many of the plastic bottles and bags that are sent ultimately end up in a landfill.

© Shutterstock

Excessive plastic use -

In daily life, our reliance on plastic packaging is astounding. Food packaging, in particular, is unnecessary: fruits and vegetables don't need to be covered in plastic packaging, but often are.

© Shutterstock

Regulation -

In the US in recent years, there have been cutbacks on regulations and environmental protection policies. These will impact the future of microplastic consumption.

© Shutterstock

Clothes -

Another potential way that microplastics can be absorbed by the body is through clothing. Oftentimes more cheaply made clothes will contain higher levels of synthetic materials. This puts people at lower incomes at a higher risk of this type of contamination.

© Shutterstock

Biodegradable plastics -

Biodegradable plastics can take a long time to disintegrate—years, in fact. Usually, they break down into smaller pieces, rather than component chemical parts. These kinds of products could be compounding the plastics problem.

© Shutterstock

Glass bottles -

Glass is made from silica, which has a higher carbon footprint than drink cartons and aluminum cans. Although their recycling rate is higher, it's a complex issue—the production of glass can lead to land deterioration and a loss of biodiversity.

© Shutterstock

The future? -

Researchers have been looking towards bacteria and fungi that feed on plastic and can break down these materials. A kind of beetle larvae has been found to devour polystyrene. Chemical treatments and water filtration systems that can remove microplastics are also being examined.

Sources: (BBC Future) (The Science Survey) (National Geographic) (ScienceDirect)

See also: This Greek island joins the fight to reduce plastic pollution

© Shutterstock