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An enduring myth -

The term "Dark Ages" refers to 900 years of European history during the Middle Ages, from around the 5th to 10th centuries, and sometimes even until the 15th century. The term arose at the beginning of the Renaissance in the 1300s, and is actually considered a misnomer.

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Christian ideals -

The truth is that the Middle Ages was not an intellectually stagnant period of time that was saved by the Renaissance. This became a very Christian-centric representation of this part of history.

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The fall of an empire -

The concept of the Dark Ages was created by a Tuscan scholar named Petrarch (1304–1374), who thought that the Middle Ages experienced a major decline in culture and intellect following the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

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Petrarch -

Petrarch was a renowned lover of the history of the Roman Empire, and so he considered the period following the empire’s fall to be “less than,” which was a biased perspective.

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Records -

The period was also called the Dark Ages due to the significant lack of records in the centuries after the Roman Empire’s fall. But the truth is that historical propaganda is actually at the heart of why people refer to this period as the Dark Ages.

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Latin -

Many philosophers and scholars of Petrarch’s time were dismissive of any knowledge or history passed down that was not written in Latin.

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Triumph of Christianity -

Petrarch was also a Christian writer, which meant that much of his views were influenced by his religious ideals. Petrarch (along with other scholars) believed that the “light” of Christianity during the Renaissance was able to triumph over the “dark” paganism of antiquity.

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Classical knowledge -

Contrary to the idea of lost knowledge that was spread by the Church, many classical works from ancient Greece and Rome were preserved by Christian monasteries and Islamic scholars during the medieval period.

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Carolingian Renaissance -

In the 8th and 9th centuries, the Carolingian Renaissance (spearheaded by the King of the Franks, Charlemagne) saw a revival of learning, arts, and culture.

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Literacy -

During this Renaissance, scholars like Alcuin of York helped standardize writing and promoted education, which laid the groundwork for intellectual progress in Europe.

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Medieval universities -

The period from the 11th century onward saw the establishment of the first universities, including Bologna, Paris, and Oxford (pictured). These institutions fostered learning and knowledge, which highlights the intellect of this era rather than a period of darkness.

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Agriculture -

The so-called Dark Ages also saw the invention and spread of important agricultural technologies such as the heavy plow, the three-field system, and improved watermills. These advancements allowed European populations to grow.

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Gothic architecture -

Gothic architecture, which began in the 12th century, is a testament to the era's artistic and engineering innovation. The towering cathedrals of Notre-Dame and Chartres prove how creative energy and architectural achievements arose during the Middle Ages.

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Clocks -

The Middle Ages were also marked by the creation of mechanical clocks, which revolutionized timekeeping and were placed on many cathedrals and churches. These devices used more complex designs that allowed more precise time measurement.

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The printing press -

Toward the end of the medieval period, the printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg. It enabled mass production of books, which made literature and scientific texts more accessible than ever before.

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Byzantine culture -

Aside from Europe, the Byzantine Empire was a thriving land to the East. The city of Constantinople remained a center of learning, art, and science, with scholars there preserving classical texts and making original contributions to all manner of subjects.

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Military technology -

Medieval Europe witnessed significant military innovations, including the development of the horse stirrup, which revolutionized cavalry warfare. These advances increased the complexity of medieval warfare.

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The rise of urbanization -

The so-called Dark Ages were not a period of urban decline; instead, new cities began to emerge, and existing towns grew, especially in the 11th century. The growth of trade and commerce in cities like Venice and Bruges laid the foundations for the later economic expansion of Europe.

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Medieval literature -

Medieval Europe produced a wealth of literary works, including ‘Beowulf’ (pictured), Dante’s ‘Divine Comedy,’ and Chaucer’s ‘Canterbury Tales.’ These works are considered masterpieces of world literature and showcase the complexity of medieval storytelling and culture.

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The Viking Age -

Between 800 to 1050 CE, the Vikings (often thought of as raiders) were also explorers and traders who connected Europe with distant lands, including North America, Russia, and the Middle East. Their voyages expanded Europe’s geographical knowledge and contributed to trade networks.

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Astronomy -

Medieval scholars were deeply interested in the natural world, and astronomy also flourished during this period. Figures such as the Venerable Bede and later Roger Bacon advanced astronomical understanding.

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The Crusades -

One of history’s most appalling periods would be the Crusades, which were a series of religious wars between the 11th and 13th centuries. But these wars were not entirely filled with darkness.

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Spread of information -

Although the Crusades were a time of conflict, they also facilitated cultural exchange between Europe and the Middle East. Crusaders brought back knowledge, goods, and ideas that would later influence European culture, including advancements in medicine, philosophy, and architecture.

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Modern science -

The Middle Ages were not devoid of scientific inquiry either. Albertus Magnus, for example, made many strides in the fields of biology, chemistry, and physics during the 13th century, which laid the groundwork for the scientific revolution that would follow.

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High Middle Ages -

The High Middle Ages (1000–1300) were marked by intellectual vitality. The rediscovery of Aristotle's works fueled debates in European universities and led to the development of scholasticism.

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Medieval art -

From illuminated manuscripts to intricate sculptures and frescoes, medieval art reflects a vibrant and spiritually rich society of the past. Art was used not just for religious purposes, but also to celebrate worldly achievements, showing that the Middle Ages were far from culturally barren.

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Age of Enlightenment -

Much like Petrarch during the 14th century, biased scholars during the Age of Enlightenment (1685–1815) also saw their own era as a significant improvement upon those years that came before. The term “Dark Ages” became recyclable across many periods of time.

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Edward Gibbon -

The English historian and politician Edward Gibbon (1737–1794) was one of many who continued to champion the term “Dark Ages” well into the Enlightenment period. Indeed, his literary works describe this era as full of barbarian invaders, which has been debunked over time.

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Stereotype -

Modern scholars now understand that the term “Dark Ages” refers to a stereotype of the Middle Ages. As such, many refer to the era only as the medieval period so that they don’t include these biases.

Sources: (Getty Museum) (History) (Europeana) (Britannica) (Smithsonian Magazine)

See also: The incredible legacy of the Roman Empire

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