© Getty Images/BrunoPress

Bidding farewell to the likeable protagonist -

For years, big networks required a likeable protagonist (think 'I Love Lucy'), as they believed that was the rule to good TV. To a degree it's true, audiences do want to feel connected to the protagonist, but cringe comedy made unlikeable leads, well, likeable!

© Getty Images

Flipping moral tales - Many times in cringe comedy, the unlikeable protagonist does not suffer any consequences, which subverts both people's moral expectations and their expectations of on-screen storylines, thus amping up the cringe factor.

© BrunoPress

Actors aren't all picture perfect -

Unlike sitcoms in the style of 'Friends,' cringe comedy introduced and celebrated characters who weren't young and attractive, which actually harkened back to an earlier comedy age before the huge emphasis on looks infiltrated TV.

© Getty Images

No more laugh tracks - Instead of following jokes with canned or audience laughter, cringe comedy relies upon the characters and viewers almost stewing in the painful silence that hangs in the air after an uncomfortable line.

© NL Beeld

Single-camera, reality TV style - Instead of the old sitcom standard of three cameras and a live audience, cringe comedy often borrows filming techniques from reality TV, tracking the things characters don't want you to see. That's often paired with confessional asides, where a character usually talks to the camera, which highlights the hilarious difference between how they see themselves versus how others see them.

© BrunoPress

'The Office' UK laid a lot of groundwork -

Ricky Gervais and his co-creator Stephen Merchant are often credited with laying the groundwork for cringe comedy with their 2001-2003 sitcom, as the genre is now largely associated with the mockumentary style and serious settings (like a workplace) to lend the comedy a sense of reality.

© Getty Images

They didn't know they were playing to a genre -

On Brian Baumgartner's podcast 'An Oral History of The Office,' Gervais and Merchant revealed that they were both just attracted to cringe humor, and the idea for the British sitcom originated as a parody of the mundane documentary-style news reports popular in the UK at the time.

© Getty Images

How it differed from the later US version -

Ricky Gervais's character, David Brent, transformed the traditional idea of the workplace sitcom (think 'Cheers') from one of a happy, surrogate family to one of an extremely dysfunctional family with no real resolution. Gervais' refusal to make a happy family out of the workplace became the biggest difference with the subsequent US adaptation.

© Getty Images

Other British roots -

The protagonist of 'I'm Alan Partridge' (which first aired in 1997), portrayed by Steve Coogan, was also born out of parody. It mocked British TV personalities of the time, with Partridge as an inept broadcaster whose inflated sense of celebrity drives him to treachery and shameless self-promotion. It was also shot with hand-held cameras to achieve a documentary feel.

© Getty Images

The jump to the US - For many viewers, the debut of the American version of 'The Office' (2005-2013) was their first exposure to cringe comedy, and it actually did not fare well at first. The series was rejected by every network except finally NBC, but even there it was only greenlit for a few episodes at a time.

© NL Beeld

'The Office' was not an initial success with older viewers -

The now world-famous show actually teetered on the brink of cancelation for their first two seasons because the ratings among older viewers were horrible. But, when the show became available on iTunes, younger viewers went wild for it. The show went on to air for 201 episodes over nine seasons.

© Getty Images

But they owe their success to other cringe comedies - Steve Carrell's role in cringe comedy film 'The 40-Year-Old Virgin' (2005) helped the show gain more popularity, along with a few other series that paved the way for the show to become one of the most legendary examples of cringe comedy.

© BrunoPress

'The Larry Sanders Show' (1992-1998) -

Garry Shandling's HBO series is often considered the grandfather of cringe comedy in the US. It gave a backstage look at a late-night talk show with an insecure, narcissistic host and even more egotistical real-life celebrities parodying themselves. The style was a novelty at the time, including the single-camera filming and the absence of a laugh track.

© Getty Images

'The Larry Sanders Show' influenced Brits too -

Ricky Gervais has cited Sanders as a touchstone for two shows he created with Stephen Merchant, 'The Office' and 'Extras,' the latter of which is a 2005 British sitcom about extras working in TV, film, and theater that featured guest celebrities as parodied versions of themselves.

© Getty Images

'Freaks and Geeks' (1999) -

'The Larry Sanders Show' also paved the way for writer/director Judd Apatow, who painfully mined the comedy of awkward teenage interaction on his cult-famous show 'Freaks and Geeks.' Fun fact: the casting director, Allison Jones, also later cast 'The Office' US, which is why both series used relatively unknown actors.

© Getty Images

'Curb Your Enthusiasm' (2000-2024) -

Larry David plays a parodied, self-absorbed version of himself in this landmark series. Larry's character is the quintessential unlikeable protagonist, who is completely unaware of his offensive behavior in this documentary-style series aided by real celebrities guest-starring as themselves.

© Getty Images

'Da Ali G Show' (2000-2004) -

You can't talk about cringe comedy without mentioning Sacha Baron Cohen. His first major contribution was in character as the cringey, white hip-hopper Ali G, who would interview real-world guests, often powerful politicians, while offending them and getting them to reveal their own prejudices in the process. The series also introduced...

© Getty Images

'Borat' (2006) - Both the 2006 mockumentary film and its 2020 sequel, 'Borat Subsequent Moviefilm,' were prime examples of how the actor incorporated real people to really exercise the full breadth of cringe comedy, but this time in character as a satirical Kazakh television journalist.

© Getty Images

'Peep Show' (2003-2015) -

This British sitcom follows the lives of two polar opposite, dysfunctional friends who share a flat in London. It struggled with viewership, but gained critical acclaim and a cult following for its cringe comedy. The show also used point-of-view shots and voice-overs as a fresh take on the single-camera and confessional asides that became standard of the genre.

© Getty Images

'Arrested Development' (2003-2006, 2013, 2018-2019) -

Another critically-acclaimed cringe comedy undermined by viewership, this series was repeatedly named one of the greatest TV shows of all time and even earned numerous Emmy nods and wins right from its first season, but it still struggled with getting renewed over the course of its five seasons.

© Getty Images

'Arrested Development' -

The show is considered a defining comedy of the 2000s because it mastered the cringe-y, single-camera storytelling of a formerly wealthy and completely dysfunctional family who balance delusion with humanity.

© Getty Images

'The Comeback' (2005 and 2014) -

This HBO series stars 'Friends' alum Lisa Kudrow as a washed-up '90s sitcom star in a mockumentary-type satire of the TV industry. The repeated humiliation of the delusional lead character was so cringe-y that the show was actually canceled after one season. But, when cringe comedy took to the mainstream, the show was revived in 2014 for another season.

© Getty Images

'Parks and Recreation' (2009-2015) -

This workplace sitcom was co-created by US 'Office' producers Greg Daniels and Michael Schur and used the same confessional asides and delusional boss trope, but Amy Poehler's role as Leslie Knope introduced a fresh take on cringe comedy's protagonist: instead of being offensive or egotistical, the same cringe could be achieved with over-enthusiasm, competency, and sweetness.

© BrunoPress

'Modern Family' (2009-2020) -

This wildly successful series fused the single-camera mockumentary style of cringe comedy with a fresh take on the traditional American family sitcom, and produced incredible results. It's hard to believe the series still struggled to be picked up initially.

© Getty Images

'Louie' (2010-2015) -

Louis C.K. borrowed heavily from his cringe comedy predecessors in this painfully funny series in which he plays a fictionalized version of himself, divorced and raising his two daughters in New York City. It pushed the bounds of cringe to the point where you're laughing but genuinely uncomfortable.

© Getty Images

'Girls' (2012-2017) -

The series created by and starring Lena Dunham had a cringey helping hand from executive producer Judd Apatow. It focused on four young women in NYC who seriously lack self-awareness on their spoiled journeys to success.

© Getty Images

'The Mindy Project' (2012-2017) -

Dysfunctional cringe meets optimistic romance on Mindy Kaling's sitcom about an OB/GYN in New York who tries to improve herself and her love life with the help of her oddball colleagues. As a former writer and actress on 'The Office,' Kaling expertly mined the humor that lies between the person her character wants to be versus the person she is.

© Getty Images

'Nathan for You' (2013-2017) -

In this docu-reality comedy series, comedian Nathan Fielder plays a socially awkward version of himself as he, equipped with a dubious business degree, tries to help small businesses boost their sales with ludicrous marketing tips. The genius of it lies both in the way the real-life shop owners have no idea it's a comedy show, and in the way Fielder's character is unaware that people do not enjoy his company.

© Getty Images

'Fleabag' (2016-2019) -

Phoebe Waller-Bridge's widely-acclaimed, Emmy-winning British series is a legendary addition to the cringe genre. While it perfected the traditional flawed protagonist, it also swapped out documentary-style confessionals with breaking the fourth wall, which proved to be hilariously effective.

© Getty Images

'Insecure' (2016-2021) -

Issa Rae's award-winning HBO series is loosely based on her web series 'Awkward Black Girl,' and derives most of its humor from her protagonist's struggle with social codes. The confessional asides are also reimagined in this series using Issa's bathroom-mirror raps, as well as contrasting what she wants to do versus what she actually does.

Sources: (An Oral History of The Office) (Time) (New York Times)

See also: Slapstick scenes from vintage cinema

© Getty Images