© Getty Images

Zip2, 1995 -

This is where it really all started. Musk and younger brother Kimbal founded Zip2, a web software company, way back in the mid-90s.

© BrunoPress

X.com and PayPal, March 1999 - Zip2 was later sold, with Musk receiving US$22 million for his 7% share from the sale. Musk then co-founded X.com, an online financial services and email payment company. X.com later merged with Confinity to eventually become PayPal.

© Reuters

SpaceX, 2001 -

An idea to land an experimental greenhouse on Mars containing food crops was the lift off behind Space Exploration Technologies, or SpaceX.

© Reuters

SolarCity, 2006 - Musk provided the concept and financial capital for solar power systems provider SolarCity, founded by two of his cousins. In 2016, the company was acquired by Tesla.

© Reuters

Tesla, 2008 - An early investor in the multinational company specializing in electric vehicles, energy storage, and solar panel manufacturing, Musk became CEO and product architect in 2008.

© Getty Images

Tesla Model S production, 2008 - Musk with then-Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger and the then-Tesla Motors President and CEO Ze'ev Drori.

© BrunoPress

Meeting President Obama, 2010 - President Barack Obama with Musk (in his capacity as SpaceX chief) during a tour of Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Cape Canaveral, Florida.

© Reuters

California Institute of Technology commencement ceremony, 2012 - Musk speaking at the California Institute of Technology commencement ceremony in Pasadena, California.

© Reuters

Tesla Model S, 2013 -

The Tesla Model S series achieved the highest safety rating of any car ever tested, according to Tesla.

© Getty Images

Hyperloop, 2013 -

Musk's concept for a high-speed transportation system was published in a whitepaper posted on the SpaceX and Tesla websites.

© Getty Images

Hyperloop, 2016 - Hyperloop tubes are displayed during the first test of the propulsion system at the Hyperloop One Test and Safety site in North Las Vegas, Nevada. 

© Getty Images

Tesla Model D launch, 2014 - Musk unveiled the dual engine chassis of the new Tesla Model D in Hawthorne, California. The D is the faster and all-wheel-drive version of the Model S electric sedan.

© Getty Images

Dragon V2 launch, 2014 - Also in 2014, SpaceX revealed the new manned spacecraft, the Dragon V2, designed to carry astronauts into space.

© Getty Images

OpenAI, 2015 -

OpenAI, created to promote and develop friendly artificial intelligence, is launched. Speaking at Stanford in 2015, Musk predicted AI will be "incredibly sophisticated" in 20 years time.

© iStock

Vanity Fair Oscar Party, 2015 - Musk attends the 2015 Vanity Fair Oscar Party in California. An A-list tech celeb, Musk had an estimated net worth of US$13.2 billion in 2015, which rocketed to over US$163 billion in 2022.

© Getty Images

Tesla Model X Crossover SUV launch, 2015 - After several production delays, Musk officially launched the much anticipated Tesla Model X Crossover SUV.

© Getty Images

Tesla Model X Crossover SUV launch, 2015 -

According to Cars US News, the Tesla Model X "offers performance that few other SUVs can match" and places the vehicle in the top third of its luxury midsize SUV rankings.

© Getty Images

Tesla Model X Crossover SUV launch, 2015 - A standout design feature is the falcon-wing doors for access to the second and third row seats.

© Getty Images

Tesla Energy Powerwall Home Battery launch, 2015 - The Tesla Energy Powerwall Home Battery, a suite of batteries for homes, businesses, and utilities, was introduced during an event in Hawthorne, California.

© Reuters

Tesla's electric car, Powerwall, and solar roof, 2015 - Tesla's electric car, Powerwall, and solar roof package are unveiled to demonstrate the benefits of combining the electric car and battery maker with products manufactured by solar installer SolarCity.

© Reuters

The Boring Company, 2016 - Musk's Boring Company is launched. The company specializes in the manufacture of high-performance tunnel boring equipment.

© Reuters

SpaceX Falcon and Dragon launch, 2016 - SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft lift off from Launch Complex 40 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station for their eighth official Commercial Resupply (CRS) mission to the International Space Station (ISS).

© Getty Images

SpaceX Falcon and Dragon launch, 2016 - In 2012, the SpaceX Dragon vehicle berthed with the ISS to become the first commercial company to launch and berth a vehicle to the ISS.

© Getty Images

Tesla charging station, 2017 -

According to Tesla, there are currently more than 2,000 Supercharger stations with over 25,000 Superchargers across North America, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East

© Getty Images

The 89th Academy Awards, 2017 - Elon Musk and his mother Maye, a successful model and dietitian, stepping out on the red carpet for the Oscars Vanity Fair Party.

© Reuters

Computer power, 2015 -

During a 2015 lecture at Stanford, Musk predicted that by 2035 the cost of computing power and storage will have fallen "exponentially."

© iStock

Genetics, 2015 -

In the same lecture, Musk told his audience to expect more cyborg activity by 2035, particularly the advancement of brain-computer interface development.

© iStock

The colonization of Mars, 2015 -

His 2015 Stanford speech also provided Musk with an opportunity to reiterate his enthusiasm for the colonization of Mars. "The precursor to SpaceX was not to create a company but to try and figure out why we hadn’t sent people to Mars," he explained.

© Reuters

The colonization of Mars, 2017 - At the International Astronautical Congress in Adelaide, Australia, Musk detailed the long-term technical challenges that need to be solved in order to support the creation of a permanent, self-sustaining human presence on Mars.

© Getty Images

Neuralink, 2019 - Musk revealed that his company Neuralink, created in 2016 in order to develop “ultra-high bandwidth brain-machine interfaces to connect humans and computers,” is looking to start human trials.

© Reuters

Boring Company to China, 2019 -

Musk also announced that he will be opening a Boring Company branch in China, and suggested the possibility of underwater tunnels. 

© Reuters

Unveiling of the Tesla Cybertruck, 2019 -

Tesla released their new Cybertruck, which is "designed to have the utility of a truck with sports car performance." However opinions of the vehicle are divided.

© Reuters

NASA SpaceX launch, 2020 -

Initially delayed due to poor weather conditions, the much anticipated NASA SpaceX launch eventually took place on May 30, 2020.

© Reuters

NASA SpaceX Falcon 9 launches, 2020 and 2021 -

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket carried the Crew Dragon spacecraft from Florida to the International Space Station in mid-November 2020, marking the first fully operational crewed mission for SpaceX. Falcon 9 also launched in January and February 2021.

© Getty Images

"Technoking" -

Musk gave himself a new title, which he filed on March 15, 2021 with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Now, instead of Chief Executive Officer of Tesla, Musk officially changed his title to "Technoking of Tesla." His Chief Financial Officer Zach Kirkhorn also received a title change, and is now to be referred to as "Master of Coin." A healthy imagination is definitely part of the job...

© Getty Images

Building a humanoid robot -

The entrepreneur will be branching out into the world of AI robots. Musk says they're planning to develop a humanoid robot using the AI system created for their self-driving car. The "Tesla Bot" model he revealed at an AI event was  5 ft. 8 in (172 cm) and weighed 125 pounds (47kg). Tesla released a prototype they called Optimus in 2022. 

© Getty Images 

Time's Person of the Year 2021 -

Musk was named Time's Person of the Year for 2021, though just as even the publication itself cited the Tesla and SpaceX founder's influence "for good or ill," the acknowledgment has been met with much pushback. Critics have pointed at the billionaire’s attitude to tax, his opposition to unions, and the way he played down COVID-19 as reasons the honor should go to someone else. Time described the provocative boss and Twitter enthusiast as a “clown, genius, edgelord, visionary, industrialist, showman,” and perhaps they were right, but many took to Twitter themselves to share who they believe better deserved the acknowledgment and platform. 

© Getty Images

How much he pays in taxes -

As his wealth and influence has increased, so too has attention on his taxes. After Musk was named Time Magazine's Person of the Year, Senator Elizabeth Warren tweeted, "Let's change the rigged tax code so 'The Person of the Year' will actually pay taxes and stop freeloading off everyone else." The richest man in the world heard the people's complaints and tweeted on December 20, "For those wondering, I will pay over $11 billion in taxes this year." It got over half a million likes. Of course, he still remained one of the richest on the planet as Bloomberg Billionaires Index put his wealth at US$243 billion in 2021, the BBC reports.

© Getty Images

Challenging Vladimir Putin -

Musk has a direct channel to millions of people through his Twitter account, and in March 2022 he used his influence in a head-scratching way: challenging Vladimir Putin to a duel for the fate of Ukraine. On March 14 Musk tweeted, "I hereby challenge [Vladimir Putin] to single combat. Stakes are [Ukraine]." In another tweet on March 15, Musk continued: "He can even bring his bear."

Chechen warlord Ramzan Kadyrov responded to Musk the same day, calling him "effeminate" and referring to him as "Elona," claiming that Musk would get destroyed in the fight and proposing that he trains at various centers in the Chechen Republic. Musk replied, "If he is afraid to fight, I will agree to use only my left hand, and I am not even left-handed," signing off with the name "Elona."

© Getty Images

The Twitter takeover -

In 2022, his most headline-grabbing pursuit was his purchase of Twitter, for the mind-boggling price of US$44 billion. Musk made an initial bid in April, but tried to back out a few weeks later. However, Twitter took him to court and he eventually decided to go through with the sale after months of legal back-and-forth. 

© Getty Images/Shutterstock

The Twitter takeover -

Musk confirmed that he had officially closed the deal on October 28, 2022. He immediately fired the company's CEO, CFO, and legal affairs and policy chief, accusing them of misleading him about the number of bot accounts operating on Twitter. He celebrated with a tweet stating, "The bird is freed," and updated his Twitter bio to 'Chief Twit.' The Space X founder immediately declared his intention to become CEO of Twitter. Musk's vision for Twitter apparently included greater freedom of speech, which involved lifting the ban on Donald Trump's account. He has stated that he didn't buy Twitter to make money, but rather to "try to help humanity, whom I love." His love for humanity did not prevent him from firing thousands and thousands of Twitter employees with no notice. 

© Shutterstock

Verification fees -

These weren't the only controversial changes Musk announced during his first months at the helm of Twitter. The multi-billionaire caused a stir by announcing that users would need to pay a subscription fee in order to receive the blue mark verification of their account, a service that is essential for public figures. Responses from famous Twitter users have been barbed. “Lmao at a billionaire earnestly trying to sell people on the idea that ‘free speech’ is actually a $8/mo subscription plan," wrote famous lefty Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, to which Musk replied, "Your feedback is appreciated, now pay $8." Famed horror author Stephen King also had something to say when rumors circulated that a US$20 monthly fee would be applied: "$20 a month to keep my blue check? [Expletive] that, they should pay me. If that gets instituted, I’m gone like Enron."

© Getty Images 

Freedom of speech hypocrisy -

On Dec. 15, it was observed that Musk had suspended several accounts belonging to journalists from CNN, the Washington Post, and the New York Times, all of whom had recently written critical articles about him. Reporter Ryan Mac of the New York Times revealed that he received a permanent ban with no warning or explanation from Twitter. What's more, the account of rival social media platform Mastodon which is gaining popularity amongst those choosing to leave Twitter appears to have been banned. Musk's apparent commitment to free speech is at odds with his decisions to ban accounts that bother him personally. 

© Shutterstock

Stepping down as CEO -

After a disastrous two months at the helm, Musk decided to put his future at the company to a vote. On December 18, 2022, the CEO shared a poll on the platform asking, "Should I step down as head of Twitter?" and adding, "I will abide by the results of this poll." After the 12-hour voting period, 57.5% had voted yes.  The next day, he simply tweeted, "I will resign as CEO as soon as I find someone foolish enough to take the job!" He added, "After that, I will just run the software & servers teams." As the owner of the company, he will still likely have a heavy hand in its governing regardless of who takes over the undesirable role. 

© Getty Images

Linda Yaccarino -

On May 12, 2023, Musk announced that he had hired Linda Yaccarino—the former head of advertising and partnerships for NBCUniversal—as Twitter's new CEO. Musk stated that she would start the job in six weeks, writing on Twitter that he was "Looking forward to working with Linda to transform this platform into X, the everything app," A journalist at The Verge reported that the Yaccarino is tough as nails and sees eye to eye with Musk politically, so it might be a match made in heaven. On June 5, 2023, Yaccarino took over as CEO of X and Twitter. 

© Getty Images

A dubious honor -

Musk is going down in history for losing the most money anyone has ever lost. Musk’s net worth at its peak in November 2021 was US$340 billion, and some outlets estimate that he lost approximately US$200 billion. While his US$44 billion purchase of Twitter didn't help, it was his money tied up in Tesla stock, which reportedly plunged 65% in 2022, that was largely to blame for this historic loss. However, as of 2024, he remains the richest man in the world. 

© Getty Images

xAI -

Musk has expressed his concerns that the developments of AI will lead to "civilizational destruction," and even stepped down from OpenAI—the company he co-founded that created ChatGPT— in 2018. In July 2023, he announced that he was launching his own AI firm, with the goal of making it safer. He explained that he intends to build a "maximally curious" AI, rather than trying to program it with a sense of morality. "If it tried to understand the true nature of the universe, that's actually the best thing that I can come up with from an AI safety standpoint," Musk said. "I think it is going to be pro-humanity from the standpoint that humanity is just much more interesting than not-humanity." He also predicted that superintelligent AI, meaning AI that's smarter than humans, will arrive within the next five or six years.

See also: How has technology transformed the way we live and learn?

© Getty Images