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Wild origins -

Wild donkeys live in deserts and savannas across northern Africa, the Middle East, and the Arabian Peninsula. They're built to thrive in dry, rugged environments with minimal food and water.

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Worldwide workers -

Domesticated donkeys are found across the globe. They prefer warm, dry climates and are commonly used for carrying loads, guarding livestock, and producing milk in rural communities.

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Regional breeds -

Different regions have their own donkey breeds. The Abyssinian donkey (pictured) is raised in Ethiopia, while the Anatolia donkey is common in Turkey. Breeds vary in size, color, and temperament.

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Social but flexible -

Donkeys are social animals that live in herds. Unlike tightly bonded species, their herds are fluid. Wild groups often change members and reorganize as needed.

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Herd leadership -

Wild herds are usually led by a dominant male, called a jack. He mates with several females (jennies), though some herds may include submissive males peacefully.

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Daily routine -

Donkeys rest during the hottest part of the day. They’re most active at dawn and dusk, traveling and grazing in cooler hours with their herd.

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All about grass -

Donkeys primarily eat grass, shrubs, and desert plants. They use their lips to grab plants, then grind them with flat teeth, ideal for their tough, fibrous diet.

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Big appetites -

Donkeys eat up to 6,000 pounds (2,722 kg) of food annually. Feral donkeys can overgraze and threaten native wildlife by consuming large amounts of local vegetation.

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Hybrid creators -

Donkeys can breed with horses and zebras, producing hybrids like mules (pictured), hinnies, and zonkeys. These offspring are typically sterile and can't reproduce.

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Long pregnancy -

Female donkeys have a long gestation period of about 12 months. They usually give birth to one foal each year, which can stand within 30 minutes of birth.

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Growing up fast -

Foals are weaned at five months and can breed by two years of age. At birth, they weigh between 19 and 30 pounds (8.6 to 13.6 kilos) and begin nursing almost immediately.

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Livestock guardians -

Domestic donkeys are often trained to protect sheep and goats. They form bonds with their herd and will aggressively defend it from predators like coyotes or dogs.

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Protective instincts -

When threatened, donkeys may bray, stomp, or even bite. This makes them effective natural guards for smaller livestock, especially when kept in pasture environments.

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Flat hooves, strong feet -

Donkeys have smaller, more upright hooves than horses. These strong feet allow them to navigate rocky, uneven terrain with stability and minimal injury.

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Communication by bray -

Donkeys use their loud bray, heard up to 60 miles (97 km) away, to communicate distress, identify others, or to call their herd in large open spaces.

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Big ears, cool heads -

Donkeys' oversized ears help them hear better and regulate heat. Blood vessels in their ears help cool their bodies in hot climates, acting like natural air conditioners.

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Not just stubborn -

What seems like stubbornness in donkeys is often intelligence and caution. They assess risks before moving forward, especially when faced with unfamiliar or dangerous situations.

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Sharp minds -

Donkeys have excellent memories. They can remember places, tasks, and even individual humans or animals after many years, showing strong long-term learning and recall.

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Peaceful temperament -

Donkeys are usually calm and curious. With gentle handling, they become affectionate and form strong, trusting relationships with their human caregivers.

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Dust bathers -

Wild and domestic donkeys often roll in dry dirt to repel parasites, cool down, and relieve itching. It’s a natural and healthy grooming behavior.

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Emotional awareness -

Donkeys are sensitive to human emotions and can respond calmly to people in distress. This makes them excellent candidates for therapy and emotional support roles.

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Facial communication -

Donkeys use facial expressions to communicate mood and pain. Researchers have even developed a "donkey grimace scale" to help identify when the animals are unwell.

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Water conservation -

Donkeys are extremely efficient at conserving water. They can rehydrate quickly after drinking and often survive in dry environments where other animals would struggle.

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Some donkeys are tiny -

Miniature donkeys, native to Sicily and Sardinia, naturally stand under three feet (91 cm) tall. The shortest recorded was Ottie at 19 inches (48 cm), though not officially recognized by Guinness World Records.

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Asian cousins -

The kiang lives in high-altitude regions like China, Nepal, Bhutan, and northern Pakistan, where it grazes on sparse mountain vegetation.

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The impressively hairy Poitou donkey -

The Poitou donkey, developed in 18th-century France, is known for its long, corded coat. Once nearly extinct, it's now recovering through conservation and private breeding efforts across Europe.

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Longevity of donkeys -

Donkeys are long-lived animals, often reaching 25 to 30 years of age. With excellent care, some can live beyond 40 years, especially in domestic settings with proper nutrition and shelter.

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Historical importance -

Donkeys were essential in ancient civilizations for transporting goods, farming, and even sport, as seen in archaeological evidence of donkey polo in ancient Chinese tombs.

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Need for protection -

Millions of donkeys are at risk due to overwork, neglect, and the global skin trade. Sanctuaries and animal welfare groups are working to protect their welfare worldwide.

Sources: (Live Science) (Horse and Hound) (BBC) (Treehugger) 

See also: Intelligent animals with unique jobs

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